Annihilationism
From EJ Hill & Friends
| ← Conditional Immortality ← The Intermediate State: (Psychopannychism) ← Resurrection ← The Great White Throne Judgment ← Temporary Torment ★ Annihilationism |
ANNIHILATIONISM a.k.a ETERNAL DESTRUCTION or ETERNAL VENGEANCE
as opposed to
ETERNAL TORMENT
by EJ Hill (1977-)
Contents |
Defining Annihilationism
ANNIHILATIONISM - THE BELIEF THAT THE FINAL FATE OF THE WICKED IS TEMPORARY TORMENT; FOLLOWED BY A LITERAL, ABSOLUTE, AND IRREVOCABLE OBLIVION. IT REJECTS THE NOTION OF HELL AS BEING A PLACE OF NEVER-ENDING TORMENT AND/OR SEPARATION FROM GOD.
Presuppositions
The Doctrine of ANNIHILATIONISM PRESUPPOSES CONDITIONAL IMMORTALITY. In other words, should it be proven that by nature man's soul is immortal, it would be impossible to uphold Annihilationism. On the other hand, however, if it could be proven that man's soul is by default mortal (corruptible or destructible), the stage would be set for Annihilationism. I would therefore highly recommend first researching Conditional Immortality, prior to researching Annihilationism.
The History and Development of Annihilationism
A discussion relating to the History and Development of Annihilationism.
Shadows, Types & Figures
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah
"But the men of Sodom were wicked and sinners before the Lord exceedingly." (Gen. 13v13, AKJV, p.6)
"" (Gen. 18v20-19v28)
Luke tells us that what happened to Sodom, will also happen to the unrighteous at Christ's Return.
"But the same day that Lot went out of Sodom it rained fire and brimstone from heaven, and destroyed them all. EVEN THUS SHALL IT BE IN THE DAY WHEN THE SON OF MAN IS REVEALED. In that day, he which shall be upon the housetop, and his stuff in the house, let him not come down to take it away: and he that is in the field, let him likewise not return back. Remember Lot's wife." (Lk. 17v29-32, AKJV, p.461)
Peter suggests the same.
"And TURNING THE CITIES OF SODOM AND GOMMORRAH INTO ASHES condemned them with an overthrow, MAKING THEM AN ENSAMPLE UNTO THOSE THAT AFTER SHOULD LIVE UNGODLY;..." (2 Pt. 2v6, AKJV, p.108)
But it is Jude, who in speaking of "the judgment of the great day" (Jude 1v6) that says:
"Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, ARE SET FORTH FOR AN EXAMPLE, SUFFERING THE VENGEANCE OF ETERNAL FIRE." (Jude 1v7, KJV, p.110)
The Great Deluge
"" (Gen. 6v1-7v24, AKJV, p.)
"And AS IT WAS IN THE DAYS OF NOE, SO SHALL IT BE ALSO IN THE DAY OF THE SON OF MAN. They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and DESTROYED THEM ALL." (Lk. 17v26-27, AKJV, p.461)
The Wages of Sin
The Parable of The Sower
Statements & Confessions
The 1660 General Baptist Confession of Faith XXII
That the same Lord Jesus who shewed himself alive after his passion, by many infallible proofs, Acts I. 3. which was taken up from the Disciples, and carried up into Heaven, Luke 24. 51. Shall so come in like manner as he was seen go into Heaven, Acts. 1. 9, 10.
II. And when Christ who is our life shall appear, we shall also appear with him in glory, Col. 3. 4. For then shall he be King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, Rev. 19. 16. for the Kingdome is his, and he is the Governour among the Nations, Psal. 22. 28. and King over all the earth, Zech. 14. 9. and we shall raign (with him) on the Earth, Rev. 5. 10. the Kingdomes of this World, (which men so mightily strive after here to enjoy) shall become the Kingdomes of our Lord, and his Christ, Rev. 11. 15. for all is yours, ( 0 ye that overcome this world) for ye are Christ's, and Christ is Gods, 1 Cor. 3. 22, 23. For unto the Saints shall be given the Kingdome, and the greatness of the Kingdome, under (mark that) the whole Heaven, Dan. 7. 27. Though (alas) now many men be scarce content that the Saints should have so much as being among them; but when Christ shall appear, then shall be their day, then shall be given unto them power over the Nations, to rule them with a Rod of Iron, Rev. 2. 26, 27. then shall they receive a Crown of life, which no man shall take from them, nor they by any means turned, or overturned from it, for the oppressor shall be broken in pieces, Psal. 72. 4. and their now vain, rejoycings turned into mourning, and bitter Lamentations, as ‘tis written, Job 20. 5, 6, 7. THE TRIUMPHING OF THE WICKED IS SHORT, AND THE JOY OF THE HYPOCRITE BUT FOR A MOMENT; THOUGH HIS EXCELLENCY MOUNT UP TO THE HEAVENS, AND HIS HEAD REACH UNTO THE CLOUDS, YET SHALL HE PERISH FOR EVER, LIKE HIS OWN DUNG; THEY WHICH HAVE SEEN HIM, SHALL SAY, WHERE IS HE?
The 1995 Doctrine Commission of the Church of England in England
"Christians have professed appalling theologies which made God into a sadistic monster. ... HELL IS NOT ETERNAL TORMENT, BUT IT IS THE FINAL AND IRREVOCABLE CHOOSING OF THAT WHICH IS OPPOSED TO GOD SO COMPLETELY AND SO ABSOLUTELY THAT THE ONLY END IS TOTAL NON-BEING." [3|5]
Objections & Responses
Adherents
Theophilus (died ±183-185 A.D.) [3] - Arnobius (died 330 A.D.) [3|9|14|15] - PHILOSOPHER Epicurus (341-270 BC) [8] - Prof. Dr. Martin Luther (1483-1546) [49] - Fausto Paolo Sozzini (1539-1604) [9] - PHILOSOPHER John Locke (1632-1704) [9] - Prof. Dr. Henry Dodwell (1641-1711) [9] - NONCONFORMIST Isaac Watts (1674-1748) [9|50] - BAPTIST Prof. Dr. William Whiston (1667-1752) [9] - ANGLICAN William Warburton (1698-1779) [9] - Ferdinand Olivier Petitpierre (1722-1790) [9|17] - METHODIST John Wesley (1703-1791) [3] - E.J.K. Walter (+-1782) [9|16] - ADVENTIST William Miller (1782-1849) [3] - ANGLICAN Archbishop Richard Whately (1787-1863) [9|35] - C.H. Weisse (1801-1866) [9|18|22] - BAPTIST H.H. Dobney (1809-1883) [9|19] - Aaron Ellis (+-1853) [9|11] - Jacob Blain (+-1857) [9|10] - LUTHERAN Richard Rothe (1799-1867) [9|21] - ANGLICAN Bishop Renn Dickson Hampden (1793-1868) [9|36] - F. Brandes (+-1872) [9|25] - CONGREGATIONAL Dr. Horace Bushnell (1802-1876) [9] - George Storrs (1796-1879) [9|12|34] - CONGREGATIONAL Dr. Edward White (1819-1887) [9|33] - CONGREGATIONAL J.H. Pettingell (1815-1887) [9|46] - PHILOSOPHER Charles Sécretan (1815-1895) [9|32] - John B. Heard (1828-) [9|36] - CONGREGATIONAL Joseph Parker (1830-1902) [9] - Emmanuel Petavel-Olliff (1836-1910) [9] - CONGREGATIONAL Dr. Robert William Dale (1829-1895) [9] - Prof. Dr. Hermann Schultz (1836-1903) [9|23] - ADVENTIST Ellen Gould White (1827-1915) [9] - CONGREGATIONAL Lyman Abbott (1835-1922) [9] - Henry Clay Sheldon (1845-1928) [9|47] - Thomas Read (+-1853) [9|11] - Zenas Campbell (+-1854) [9|13] - PHILOSOPHER C. Lambert (+-1862) [9|29] - H. Plitt (+-1863) [9|24] - PHILOSOPHER P. Janet (+-1863) [9|30] - J.W. Barlow (+-1865) [9|41] - Stephen T. Davis (+-1866) [9|42|63] - S. Minton (+-1868) [9|40] - J.M. Denniston (+-1874) [9|39] - PHILOSOPHER C. Renouvier (+-1878) [9|31] - W.R. Huntington (+-1878) [9|45] - A. Schäffer (+-1884) [9|26] - PHILOSOPHER C. Ribot (+-1885) [9|32] - ANGLICAN Prebendary Dr. C.A. Row (+-1887) [9|38|57] - G. Runze (+-1894) [9|27] - J. Rognon (+-1894) [9|20] - Prof. Dr. George Bradford Caird (-1984) [51|52] - ANGLICAN Prebendary Henry Constable (-1894) [9|37|49] - J.A. Beet (+-1897) [9|43] - L. Lemme (+-1899) [9|28] - BAPTIST William Graham Scroggie (1877-1958) [53] - LUTHERAN Prof. Dr. Oscar Cullmann (1902-1999) [58] - Homer Hailey (1903-2000) [3] - EVANGELICAL Prof. Dr. Frederick Fyvie Bruce (1910-1990) [3|53] - ANGLICAN Philip Edgcumbe Hughes (-1990) [3|53] - ANGLICAN John William Wenham (1913-1996) [1|2|3|53] - ANGLICAN John R.W. Stott (1921-) [3|53|54] - ANGLICAN Edward Michael Bankes Green (1930-) [3|53] - EVANGELICAL Clark H. Pinnock (1937-) [3|8|53] - Edward William Fudge (1944-) [3|53] - ANGLICAN Nicholas Thomas Wright (1948-) [3] - Prof. Dr. John E. Sanders (1956-) [59] - EJ Hill (1977-) - PRESBYTERIAN Samuel Holmes [57] - A. Bost [9] - S. Hoekstra [9] - Dale Moody [3|53] - Edward Earle Ellis [3] - Prof. Armand [9] - Prof. Auguste [9] - Charles Frederick Hudson [9|44|55] - Roger Forster [3] - L.W. Bacon [9] - L.C. Baker [9|64] - John W. Loftus [51] - Richard F. Ames [66] - Jeremy K. Moritz [67] - Michael J. Meiring [68|69]
Seventh-Day Adventists [3] - The Church of England in England [3|5] - Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society [3]
Keywords
annihilationism, destruction, oblivion, perishing, death sentence, fire unquenchable, second death
Scripture References
Gen. 3v19; Ps. 37v10, 146v4; Ecc. 9v5, v10; Is. 57v20; Jer. 19v5, 32v35; Eze. 18v20; Mal. 4v1-3; Mt. 3v10-12, 18v8-9, v14, 24v37-51, 25v30; Mk. 9v43-48; Rom. 5v21; 1 Cor. 3v17; 2 Cor. 2v14-16; Philip. 1v28; 2 Pt. 2v1, v3, 3v6-7; Rev. 20v14-15, 21v8
"And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, LEST HE PUT FORTH HIS HAND, AND TAKE ALSO OF THE TREE OF LIFE, AND EAT, AND LIVE FOR EVER: ..." (Gen. 3v22, AKJV, p.2)
"{5} " (Job 20v5-7, AKJV, p.249)
"Treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but RIGHTEOUSNESS DELIVERETH FROM DEATH." (Pr. 10v2, AKJV, p.293)
"Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: THE SOUL THAT SINNETH, IT SHALL DIE." (Ezek. 18v4, AKJV, p.370)
"Therefore THEY SHALL BE LIKE THE MORNING CLOUD, AND AS THE EARLY DEW THAT PASSETH AWAY, AS THE CHAFF THAT IS DRIVEN WITH THE WHIRLWIND OUT OF THE FLOOR, AND AS THE SMOKE OUT OF THE CHIMNEY." (Hos. 13v3, AKJV, p.399)
"The mountains quake at Him, and the hills melt, and the earth is burned at His presence, yea, the world, and all that dwell therein." (Nah. 1v5, AKJV, p.408)
"And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear Him which is able TO DESTROY BOTH SOUL AND BODY IN HELL." (Mt. 10v28, AKJV, p.425)
The Parable of The Sower
"{24} Another parable put He forth unto them, saying, The kingdom of heaven is likened unto a man which sowed good seed in his field: {25} But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. {26} But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. {27} So the servants of the householder came and said unto him, Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy field? from whence then hath it tares? {28} He said unto them, An enemy hath done this. The servants said unto him, Wilt thou then that we go and gather them up? {29} But he said, Nay; lest while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. {30} Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to BURN THEM: but gather the wheat into my barn. ... {36} Then Jesus sent the multitude away, and went into the house: and His disciples came unto Him, saying, Declare unto us the parable of the tares of the field. {37} He answered and said unto them, He that soweth the good seed is the Son of man; {38} The field is the world; the good seed are the children of the kingdom; but the tares are the children of the wicked one; {39} The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest id the end of the world; and the reapers are the angels. {40} As therefore the tares are gathered and burned in the fire; so shall it be in the end of this world. {41} The Son of man shall send forth His angels, and they shall gather out of His kingdom all things that offend, and them which do iniquity; {42} And shall CAST THEM INTO A FURNACE OF FIRE: THERE SHALL BE WAILING AND GNASHING OF TEETH. {43} Then shall the righteous shine forth as the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Who hath ears to hear, let him hear." (Mt. 13v24-30, v36-43, AKJV, p.427-428)
"{25} For whosoever will save his life SHALL LOSE IT: and whosoever will lose his life for My sake SHALL FIND IT. {26} For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and LOSE HIS OWN SOUL? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?" (Mt. 16v25-26, AKJV, p.429)
"{1} And Jesus answered and spake unto them again by parables, and said, {2} The kingdom of heaven is like a certain king, which made a marriage for his son, {3} And sent forth His servants to call them that were bidden to the wedding: and they would not come. {4} Again, He sent forth other servants, saying, Tell them which are bidden, Behold, I have prepared My dinner: My oxen and My fatlings are killed, and all things are ready: come unto the marriage. {5} But they made light of it, and went their ways, one to his farm, another to his merchandise: {6} And the remnant took His servants, and intreated them spitefully, and slew them. {7} But when the king heard thereof, He was wroth: and HE SENT FORTH HIS ARMIES, AND DESTROYED THOSE MURDERERS, AND BURNED UP THEIR CITY. {8} Then saith He to His servants, The wedding is ready, but they which were bidden were not worthy. {9} Go ye therefore into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the marriage. {10} So those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together all as many as they found, both bad and good: and the wedding was furnished with guests. {11} And when the King came in to see the guests, He saw there a man which had not on a wedding garment: {12} And He said unto him, Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding garment? And he was speechless. {13} Then said the King to the servants, Bind him hand and foot, and take him away, and cast him into outer darkness; there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth." (Mt. 22v1-13, AKJV, p.432-433)
"And these shall go away into EVERLASTING PUNISHMENT: but the righteous into LIFE ETERNAL" (Mt. 25v46, AKJV, p.435)
"For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and LOSE HIS OWN SOUL?" (Mk. 8v36, AKJV, p.443)
"Whose fan is in His hand, and He will throughly purge His floor, and will gather the wheat into His garner; but THE CHAFF HE WILL BURN WITH FIRE UNQUENCHABLE." (Lk. 3v17, AKJV, p.451)
"And AS IT WAS IN THE DAYS OF NOE, SO SHALL IT BE ALSO IN THE DAY OF THE SON OF MAN. They did eat, they drank, they married wives, they were given in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark, and the flood came, and DESTROYED THEM ALL." (Lk. 17v26-27, AKJV, p.461)
"{15} That WHOSOEVER BELIEVETH IN HIM SHOULD NOT PERISH, BUT HAVE ETERNAL LIFE. {16} For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that WHOSOEVER BELIEVETH IN HIM SHOULD NOT PERISH, BUT HAVE EVERLASTING LIFE." (Jn. 3v15-16, AKJV, p.468)
"He who believes in the Son POSSESSES EVERLASTING LIFE, but he who does not obey the Son SHALL NOT SEE LIFE, but the wrath of Elohim remains on him." (Jn. 3v36, TS, p.1020)
"He that believeth on the Son HATH EVERLASTING LIFE: and he that believeth not the Son SHALL NOT SEE LIFE; but the wrath of God abideth on him." (Jn. 3v36, AKJV, p.468)
"If a man abide not in Me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, AND CAST THEM INTO THE FIRE, AND THEY ARE BURNED." (Jn. 15v6, AKJV, p.477)
"Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are WORTHY OF DEATH, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them." (Rom. 1v32, AKJV, p.498)
"WHOSE END IS DESTRUCTION, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things." (Philip. 3v19, AKJV, p.522)
"Who SHALL BE PUNISHED WITH EVERLASTING DESTRUCTION FROM THE PRESENCE OF THE LORD, AND FROM THE GLORY OF HIS POWER." (2 Thes. 1v9, AKJV, p.525)
"THEY SHALL PERISH; BUT THOU REMAINEST; and they all shall wax old as doth a garment." (Heb. 1v11, AKJV, p.531)
"{6} If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put Him to an open shame. {7} For the earth which drinketh in the rain that cometh oft upon it, and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is dressed, receiveth blessing from God: {8} BUT THAT WHICH BEARETH THORNS AND BRIERS IS REJECTED, AND IS NIGH UNTO CURSING: WHOSE END IS TO BE BURNED." (Heb. 6v6-8, AKJV, p.532)
"But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and FIERY INDIGNATION, WHICH SHALL DEVOUR THE ADVERSARIES." (Heb. 10v27, AKJV, p.534)
"And TURNING THE CITIES OF SODOM AND GOMMORRAH INTO ASHES condemned them with an overthrow, MAKING THEM AN ENSAMPLE UNTO THOSE THAT AFTER SHOULD LIVE UNGODLY;..." (2 Pt. 2v6, AKJV, p.108)
"{12} But these, as natural brute beasts, MADE TO BE TAKEN AND DESTROYED, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall UTTERLY PERISH in their own corruption;..." (2 Pt. 2v12, AKJV, p.540)
"But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and THE ELEMENTS SHALL MELT WITH FERVENT HEAT, THE EARTH ALSO AND THE WORKS THAT ARE THEREIN SHALL BE BURNED UP." (2 Pt. 3v10, AKJV, p.540)
"Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, ARE SET FORTH FOR AN EXAMPLE, SUFFERING THE VENGEANCE OF ETERNAL FIRE." (Jude 1v7, KJV, p.110)
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67 Jeremy K. Moritz; Hell: Eternal Torment or Complete Annihilation (2003). (26/06/2008) http://jeremyandchristine.com/articles/eternal.php
68 Michael J. Meiring; In An Email (5 August 2008).
69 Michael J. Meiring; The Nature of Hell (5 August 2008).
